Mabila Where was the Battle between De Soto and Tascalusa

One of the great mysteries of American archaeology is the location of Mabila, a Mississippian village somewhere in the state of Alabama where an all-out battle is known to have occurred between the Spanish conquistador Hernando de Soto and the Native American chief Tascalusa. De Soto Meets Tascalusa According to the four De Soto chronicles, on Oct. 9, 1540, Hernando de Sotos expedition through the North American deep south arrived in the provinces controlled by Tascalusa. Tasculusa (sometimes spelled Tascaluza) was a paramount Mississippian chief rising in power at the time of the battle. Tascalusas historical importance is reflected in place names that survive today: the city of Tuscaloosa is named for him, of course; and Tascaluza is a Choctaw or Muskogean word meaning black warrior, and the Black Warrior River is named in his honor as well. Tascalusas major settlement was called Atahachi, and thats where de Soto first met him, probably west of where the modern town of Montgomery, Alabama is located. The recollections of the chroniclers described Tascalusa as a giant, fully half a head taller than their tallest soldier. When de Sotos men met Tascalusa, he was seated in Atahachis plaza, accompanied by many retainers, one of whom held a type of deerskin umbrella over his head. There, as was their usual practice, de Sotos men demanded that Tascalusa supply porters to carry the expeditions gear and booty, and women to entertain the men. Tascalusa said no, sorry, he couldnt do that, but if they would go to Mabila, one of his vassal towns, the Spanish would get what they asked for. De Soto took Tascalusa hostage, and together they all started for Mabila. De Soto Arrives at Mabila De Soto and Tascalusa left Atahachi on Oct. 12, and they arrived in Mabila on the morning of Oct. 18. According to the chronicles, de Soto led the way into the small town of Mabila with 40 horsemen, a guard of crossbowmen and halberdiers, a cook, a friar, and several slaves and porters bearing the supplies and booty collected by the Spanish since they arrived in Florida in 1539. The rear guard lagged far behind, scouring the countryside looking for more booty and supplies. Mabila was a small village tucked inside a strongly fortified palisade, with bastions at the corners. Two gates led into the center of the town, where a plaza was surrounded by the houses of the most important people. De Soto decided to bring his collected booty and stay himself within the palisade, rather than camp outside its walls. It proved a tactical error. Fighting Breaks Out After some festivities, a battle broke out when one of the conquistadors responded to a principal Indians refusal to run an errand by cutting his arm off. A great roar resounded, and people hidden inside the houses around the plaza began shooting arrows at the Spanish. The Spanish fled the palisade, mounted their horses and encircled the town, and for the next two days and nights, a fierce battle was played out. When it was over, say the chroniclers, at least 2,500 Mississippians were dead (the chroniclers estimate up to 7,500), 20 Spanish were killed and over 250 wounded, and all of their collected loot had been burned with the town. After the battle, the Spanish stayed in the area for a month to heal, and lacking supplies and a place to stay, they turned north to look for both. They turned north, despite de Sotos recent knowledge that there were ships waiting for him at a harbor to the south. Apparently, de Soto felt leaving the expedition after the battle would mean personal failure: no supplies, no booty, and instead of stories of an easily subjugated people, his expedition brought stories of fierce warriors. Arguably, the battle of Mabila was a turning point for the expedition, which was to end and not well, after de Soto died in 1542. Finding Mabila Archaeologists have been looking for Mabila for quite a while now, with not much luck. A conference bringing a variety of scholars together was held in 2006 and published as the well-regarded book The Search For Mabila in 2009, edited by Vernon Knight. A consensus from that conference found that Mabila is likely to be located somewhere in southern Alabama, on the Alabama River or one of its tributaries within a few miles of Selma. Archaeological survey has identified a multitude of Mississippian sites within this region, many of which have evidence which ties them, directly or indirectly, to de Sotos passing. But none so far fits the profile of a strongly palisaded village which burned to the ground, killing thousands of people in October of 1540. Its possible the historic records are not as accurate as one might hope for; its possible that later movement of the river or rebuilding by Mississippian or later cultures changed the configuration of the landscape and eroded or buried the site. Indeed, few sites with indisputable evidence that De Soto and his expedition members were present have been identified. One issue is that De Sotos expedition was only the first of three medieval Spanish expeditions along this river valley: the others were Tristan de Luna in 1560 and Juan Pardo in 1567. Archaeology of Medieval Spanish in U.S. Southeast One site tied to De Soto is the Governor Martin Site in Tallahassee, Florida, where excavators found Spanish artifacts at the right time period, and matched historical records to show that the site was where the expedition camped at Anhaica over the winter of 1539–1540. Five Native American skeletons at the 16th-century village at the King site in northwestern Georgia had wedge-shaped gashes and are hypothesized to have been either wounded or killed by De Soto, injuries that might have occurred at Mabila. The King site is on the Coosa River, but it is quite a way upriver from where Mabila is believed to have existed. The location of Mabila, along with other questions concerning de Sotos route through the southeastern United States, remains a mystery. Candidate Sites for Mabila: Old Cahawba, Forkland Mound, Big Prairie Creek, Choctaw Bluff, Frenchs Landing, Charlotte Thompson, Durant Bend. Sources Blakely, Robert L., and David S. Mathews. Bioarchaeological Evidence for a Spanish-Native American Conflict in the Sixteenth Century Southeast. American Antiquity 55.4 (1990): 718–44. Print.Deagan, Kathleen A. The Historical Archaeology of Sixteenth-Century La Florida. The Florida Historical Quarterly 91.3 (2013): 349–74. Print.Hoffman, Paul E. The Historiography of Sixteenth-Century La Florida. The Florida Historical Quarterly 91.3 (2013): 308–48. Print.Hudson, Charles. Knights of Spain, Warriors of the Sun: Hernando De Soto and the Souths Ancient Chiefdoms. Athens: The University of Georgia Press, 1997. Print.Knight Jr., Vernon James, ed. The Search for Mabila: The Decisive Battle between Hernando De Soto and Chief Tascalusa. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2009. Print.Lankford, George E. How Historical Are the De Soto Chronicles? The Search for Mabila: The Decisive Battle between Hernando De Soto and Chief Tascalusa. Ed. Knight Jr., Vernon James. Tusc aloosa: University of Alabama Press, 2009. 31–44. Print.Milner, George R., et al. Conquistadors, Excavators, or Rodents: What Damaged the King Site Skeleton? American Antiquity 65.2 (2000): 355–63. Print.

The Romans Values were Honesty, Fairness, and to Uphold a...

England’s former Prime Minister Winston Churchill once said â€Å"We shall defend our island, whatever the cost may be, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender.† This quote impeccably represents the struggle of the Trojans on the battlefield and it also provided a test of morality and loyalty. During the Trojan War, the Trojan themselves were faced with many clashes of ethical values, such as their need to have a fair and just election versus them making a quick and effective decision, indeed this was tested when the Trojan Horse was left in front of their gates. The Romans had Clear views on their values, and their main three were honesty and fairness, to uphold honor on the battlefield, and to respect duty and divinity. One of the most important factors in Roman culture is to be honest and fair. In the Aeneid a random Trojan speaks out during the decision of the Trojan horse â€Å"It should be hauled inside the walls,† (Virgil, 536) then another responds â€Å"Into the sea with it,† (Virgil, 536). The Trojans were clearly trying to achieve a fair and balanced vote. The fact that they were presenting it to the people and not deciding for themselves represented how they felt obligated to share this, and have a fair and balanced vote. In comparison to other roman values such as their respect for duty and divinity, there are more differences thenShow MoreRelatedContractual Duty of Good Faith9025 Words   |  37 PagesEurope and the United States, Australia does not demand an explicit legal prerequisite of good faith to form a contract.[1] Decisions in different jurisdictions have however considered the validity of the values identified in the doctrine of good faith within contract law, su ch as loyalty, honesty and cooperation. Good faith is valuable because it provides confidence in the formation of contracts between two parties. However there are conflicting views and criticisms of the doctrine of good faith.Read MoreSchool Leadership Roles And Responsibilities10143 Words   |  41 Pagesincredible obstacles across America. One of the biggest obstacles educators face is the decline in moral values and character in today’s young people. The decline in moral character and values has created a student body that may be problematic, undisciplined, promiscuous, and unmotivated. Successful and effective educational leadership is directly correlated to the character development and understood value systems of a school culture and learning environment. This chapter will be broken into two majorRead MoreBusi 561 Legal Issues in Business7036 Words   |  29 Pagesthe business became incorporated. RAPIDS is geared to providing an atmosphere where one can enjoy the finest in cheesecake, quiches, and wines. The creators and owners of RAPIDS started the restaurant because of the high demand for cheesecakes that were sold. After many years of successfully selling the cheesecake, the owners expanded the menu to quiches and wine. There is no further plan to expand the menu as the owners unanimously agree that those who enjoy specialized items at a quality tasteRead MoreEffects of Corruption in the Phil.14311 Words   |  58 Pagescorruption and its cause. To introduce our topic, we first defined what corruption is. We included a definition taken from the website of Philippine Anti-Graft Commission, the government agency tasked to weed out corruption on the government. There were also various definitions of corruption on the first part of our report. We also included the definition of political corruption and the different causes of corruption. These topics are further discussed on the first part. The second part indicatedRead MoreUt Unum Sint25504 Words   |  103 Pagestranscended and overcome in the total gift of self for the sake of the Gospel. lt;Christ calls all his disciples to unitygt;. My earnest desire is to renew this call today, to propose it once more with determination, repeating what I said at the Roman Colosseum on Good Friday 1994, at the end of the meditation on the lt;Via Crucesgt; prepared by my Venerable Brother Bartholomew, the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople. There I stated that believers in Christ, united in following in the footstepsRead MoreLibrary Management204752 Words   |  820 Pages . . . . . . . . 95 Planning—The Outcome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 Environment—The Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 Vision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Values and Culture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 Mission . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109 Goals, Themes, and Directions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 Objectives, Initiatives

dfssd Essay Example For Students

dfssd Essay MS-DOS Device DriversApril 1998(c) Copyright Microsoft Corporation, 1998This document provides complementary or late-breaking information to supplement the Microsoft Windows 98 documentation. How to Use This DocumentTo view Msdosdrv.txt on-screen in Notepad, maximize the Notepad window. To print Msdosdrv.txt, open it in Notepad or another word processor, and then on the File menu, click Print. In syntax lines, except where noted, lowercase text signifies replaceable parameters and uppercase text signifies text that must be typed as it appears. NOTE: The Config.txt file contains more Help for MS-DOS commands. In addition, you can type the name of the command at the command prompt, followed by a slash and question mark (/?). For example: CHKDSK /?If you have the Windows 98 CD, you can get additional help on MS-DOS commands, including syntax and examples. You can load the MS-DOS 6.0 help file by browsing the oolsoldmsdos folder, and then clicking Help. CONTENTSANSI.SYSDBLBUFF.SYS DOUBLE BUFFERINGDISPLAY.SYSDRVSPACE.SYS, DBLSPACE.SYSEMM386.EXEHIMEM.SYSRAMDRIVE.SYSSETVER.EXEANSI.SYS=========NOTE: In this section, uppercase letters in syntax and ANSI escape sequences indicate text you must type exactly as it appears. ANSI.SYS defines functions that change display graphics, controls cursor movement, and reassigns keys. The ANSI.SYS device driver supports ANSI terminal emulation of escape sequences to control your systems screen and keyboard. This device driver must be loaded by a DEVICE or DEVICEHIGH command in your CONFIG.SYS file. Syntax DEVICE=drive:pathANSI.SYS /X /K /RParameterdrive:path Specifies the location of the ANSI.SYS file. Switches/X Remaps extended keys independently on 101-key keyboards. /K Causes ANSI.SYS to treat a 101-key keyboard like an 84-key keyboard. It is equivalent to the command SWITCHES=/K. If you usually use the SWITCHES=/K command, you will need to use the /K switch with ANSI.SYS. /RAdjusts line scrolling to improve readability when ANSI.SYS is used with screen-reading programs (which make computers more accessible to people with disabilities). Parameters used in ANSI escape sequences:Pn Numeric parameter. Specifies a decimal number. Ps Selective parameter. Specifies a decimal number that you use to select a function. You can specify more than one function by separating the parameters with semicolons (;). PL Line parameter. Specifies a decimal number that represents one of the lines on your screen or on another device. Pc Column parameter. Specifies a decimal number that represents one of the columns on your screen or on another device. ANSI escape sequences for cursor movement, graphics, and keyboard settings:In the following list of ANSI escape sequences, the abbreviation ESC represents the ASCII escape character 27 (1Bh), which appears at the beginning of each escape sequence. ESCPL;PcH Cursor Position: Moves the cursor to the specified position (coordinates). If you do not specify a position, the cursor moves to the home positionthe upper-left corner of the screen (line 0, column 0). This escape sequence works the same way as the following Cursor Position escape sequence. ESCPL;Pcf Cursor Position: Works the same way as the preceding Cursor Position escape sequence. ESCPnA Cursor Up: Moves the cursor up by the specified number of lines without changing columns. If the cursor is already on the top line, ANSI.SYS ignores this sequence. ESCPnB Cursor Down: Moves the cursor down by the specified number of lines without changing columns. If the cursor is already on the bottom line, ANSI.SYS ignores this sequence. ESCPnC Cursor Forward: Moves the cursor forward by the specified number of columns without changing lines. If the cursor is already in the far right column, ANSI.SYS ignores this sequence. ESCPnD Cursor Backward: Moves the cursor backward by the specified number of columns without changing lines. If the cursor is already in the far left column, ANSI.SYS ignores this sequence. .u37a35a07f2c0191471904787a87b9bbf , .u37a35a07f2c0191471904787a87b9bbf .postImageUrl , .u37a35a07f2c0191471904787a87b9bbf .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u37a35a07f2c0191471904787a87b9bbf , .u37a35a07f2c0191471904787a87b9bbf:hover , .u37a35a07f2c0191471904787a87b9bbf:visited , .u37a35a07f2c0191471904787a87b9bbf:active { border:0!important; } .u37a35a07f2c0191471904787a87b9bbf .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u37a35a07f2c0191471904787a87b9bbf { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u37a35a07f2c0191471904787a87b9bbf:active , .u37a35a07f2c0191471904787a87b9bbf:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u37a35a07f2c0191471904787a87b9bbf .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u37a35a07f2c0191471904787a87b9bbf .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u37a35a07f2c0191471904787a87b9bbf .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u37a35a07f2c0191471904787a87b9bbf .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u37a35a07f2c0191471904787a87b9bbf:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u37a35a07f2c0191471904787a87b9bbf .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u37a35a07f2c0191471904787a87b9bbf .u37a35a07f2c0191471904787a87b9bbf-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u37a35a07f2c0191471904787a87b9bbf:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Exemplification: Why The World Is Doomed EssayESCs Save Cursor Position: Saves the current cursor position. You can move the cursor to the saved cursor position by using the Restore Cursor Position sequence. ESCu Restore Cursor Position: Returns the cursor to the position stored by the Save Cursor Position sequence. ESC2J Erase Display: Clears the screen and moves the cursor to the home position (line 0, column 0). ESCK Erase Line: Clears all characters from the cursor position to the end of the line (including the character located at the cursor position). ESCPs;;Psm Set Graphics Mode: Calls the graphics functions specified by the following values. These specified functions remain active until the next occurrence of this escape sequence. Graphics mode changes the colors and attributes of text (such as bold and underline) displayed on the screen. Text attributesValueFunction 0All attributes off1Bold on4Underscore (on monochrome display adapter only)5Blink on7Reverse video on8Concealed on Foreground colorsValueFunction 30Black31Red32Green33Yellow34Blue35Magenta36Cyan37White